Ngo Dinh Diem’s 10/59 edict (1959)

In May 1959, South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem‘s 10/59 edict, under the guise of cracking down on communist insurgents, decreed that the death sentence shall apply for a broad range of crimes:

Article 1

Sentence of death, and confiscation of the whole or part of his property will be imposed on whoever commits or attempts to commit one of the following crimes with the aim of sabotage, or upon infringing upon the security of the State, or injuring the lives or property of the people:

1. Deliberate murder, food poisoning, or kidnapping.

2. Destruction, or total or partial damaging, of one of the following categories of objects by means of explosives, fire, or other means:

a. Dwelling-houses, whether inhabited or not, churches, pagodas, temples, warehouses, workshops, farms and all outbuildings belonging to private persons…

b. Public buildings, residences, offices, workshops, depots, and, in a more general way, all constructions of any kind belonging to the State, and any other property, movable or unmovable, belonging to, or controlled by the State, or which is under the system of concession, or of public management…

c. Means of transport, all kinds of vehicles…

d. Mines, with machines and equipment…

e. Weapons, military material and equipment, posts, buildings, offices, depots, workshops, and constructions of any kind relating to defence or police work…

f. Crops, draft animals and farm equipment…

g. Installations for telecommunications, postal service, broadcasting, production and distribution of electricity and water…

h. Dykes, dams, roads, railways, airfields, seaports, bridges, channels, or works relating to them;

i. Waterways, large or small, and canals…

Article 3

Whoever belongs to an organisation designed to help to prepare or to perpetuate crimes enumerated in Article I . . ., or takes pledges to do so, will be subject to the [same] sentences…

Article 6
Three special military courts are set up and based in Saigon, Ban Me Thuot and Hue… As the need arises, other special military courts may be set up by decree…

Article 16
The decisions of the special military court are not subject to appeal…

Article 20
All legal provisions which are contrary to the present law are hereby repealed…

Ngo Dinh Diem
Saigon, May 6th 1959